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PROMOTION OF LIFE SKILLS
1. Your closer friend faces difficulties to solve the problem encounter his family. Highlight five ways that you can use to help your friend to solve the problem
Problem solving is an act which involves the relation of decision-making that requires someone to make a choice and selecting the best alternative and implementing the solution.
The following are the ways of solving problems;
• Cooperation. A person, who has a problem, exposes it to other people around him or her. People can decide to make contribution of their ideas in order to solve that problem.
• Hard working. Sometimes, some problems are caused by laziness, for example lack of food and good clothes. These problems can be solved by working hard so as to get better achievement.
• Guidance and counseling. There are some of the problems which cannot be solved physically or mentally, instead they need psychological treatments. This can be applied to the people who have mental or emotional suffering like people with HIV/AIDS.
• Seeking advice from individual person. In our daily life, there are people who are considered to be wise with the knowledge and experience about the problems. So some people who are facing with various problems pay list to these people seeking the advice of their problems.
• Reading the book. Some books are providing knowledge in life. They can be used to provide different suggestion on how to solve the problems. For example, there are some books which help people with psychological problems to recover.
• Consult expertise. There are some of the problems need to be solved by expertise that need scientific way of solving them and it is important for a person who is seeking advice to consider the nature of the problem and deciding which expert to see because there are some problems cannot be solved by individual people instead need collective solutions.
2. In five points, show how can you help your father to solve the problems facing your family members? Which steps will you most consider?
Problem solving is an act which involves the relation of decision-making that requires someone to make a choice and selecting the best alternative and implementing the solution.
The following are the steps that can be taken to solve problems;
• Initiation mediation. Mediation is the process of trying to end up a disagreements and conflicts between people by talking to them and helping them to find a suitable solution for all those involved.
• Gathering Information. This is the stage in which a mediator collects the information of the problem in order to find the root cause of the problem. The information is collected through questionnaire, observation or interview.
• Defining the Problem. This is the explanation of the conflict and disagreements between people. The problem should be well known before solving it
• Generating possible solution/alternatives. This involves the generating of many solutions which ultimately assist in problem solving
• Selecting the best solution This step involves making decision on the problem to find out or to end up the problem
• Agreeing in solution. This is the step of making agreement which can be involve what to do in order to avoid the reoccurrence of the same problem
3. Your family members face difficulties in collecting the information to solve their problems in their daily live. As one among of the family member, how can you help your family members overcome the situation?
Problem solving is an act which involves the relation of decision-making that requires someone to make a choice and selecting the best alternative and implementing the solution.
Solving problem is directly proportional to data collection, however, the following are the methods that can be used to collect information;
• Observation. This is one of the methods used in collecting information. Through this method, a person responsible to resolve a problem may obtain relevant information by observing what is actually happening.
• Interview. This method involves interrogating people. The information obtained through an interview is likely to be more accurate compared to other methods. This is so because the method involves face- to- face conversation between interviewer and interviewee.
• Questionnaire. This is method involves a list of questions to be answered by respondents in a writing form. This method is useful in collecting information from a large sample size within a short period
• Mass media. This is a method of collecting information involving the use of various presses like television, radio, newspaper, journals blogs, social media and websites.
• Documentary review. This method involves the use of authoritative documents such as books and other publications to obtain information. For example, through books and other publication, a person can get information on how to address a social problem.
4. Suppose you have given the chance by the chairperson of Mtakuja village to explain the significances of solving problems for the development of the village. Which five points will you most consider?
Problem solving is an act which involves the relation of decision-making that requires someone to make a choice and selecting the best alternative and implementing the solution.
The following are the significances of solving problems;
• Provide help in tackling the problems. Problem solving helps to tackle the problems and provide the betterness of the society at large
• Provide assistance to the people in solving their problems. It gives starting points to the process where other people could feel helpless to settle their disputes
• Conflicts resolution among the people. Problem solving may reduces the conflicts, frustration and misunderstanding between people in the society
• Brings equality among the people. Problem solving ensures that, all members of the community are treated equally
• Promotes peace and love in a community. It ensures the peace and love among the people by solving and removing the conflicts between members of the society.
THE GOVERNMENT OF UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
1. In five points, argue with the statement that “ democratic government is different from non- democratic government”
Government is the group of people within the community who have the power and authority to perform administrative functions and enforce the laws in the country.
It is true that, democratic government is differ from non-democratic government through the following factors;
• There is Rule of laws. In the democratic government there is the presence of rule of laws in the country, all people are equal under the laws. In the non- democratic government there is no the presence of rule of laws
• There is existence of democratic election. The rulers are chosen by the people through election and they serve interest of the people
• Presence of citizens’ participation in political affairs. In the democratic government every adult citizen has the right to participate in political matters such as elect or to be elected to political office
• Considering the decisions of the majority people. In the democratic government the decisions must be based on the will of the majority and with respect to the minority rights
• There is the respect of human rights. In the democratic government, there is the respect of human rights in the societies. All people respect the human rights
2. By giving five points, show why the government of Tanzania is important in the improving the development to the people in the country?
Government is the group of people within the community who have the power and authority to perform administrative functions and enforce the laws in the country.
The following are the importance of government;
• To maintain peace and security in the country. Government maintains peace and security through its instruments such as legal institutions, armed forces and police force
• Provision of social services. Government provides social services to the people in the country such as health service, education, water, electricity and transport for the welfare of the people
• Human rights protection. Government protects the human rights and the freedom of the all people in the country
• Conflicts resolution. Government resolves the conflicts and disputes which may rise between institutions or international conflicts or among the people in the country
• To increase national income. Government is responsible in raising revenues within a country for the development of the country.
3. Mr. Mashaka said that “there are many forms of the government applied by different countries in the world including Tanzania”. Consider yourself as a form two student, use the knowledge you have studied in Civics to support Mr. Mashaka by demonstrating at least five forms
Government is the group of people within the community who have the power and authority to perform administrative functions and enforce the laws in the country.
The following are the forms of the government used in some countries including Tanzania;
• Republic Government. Republic government is the form of the government in which a country is ruled by the President and other politicians who are elected by the people. Good examples of the republic government are Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, and many others
• Union Government. This is the form of the government in which two or more countries are united to form one country. Examples of the union government are United Republic of Tanzania (union
between Tanganyika and Zanzibar) and United Kingdom (union between England Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales)
• Monarchy Government. This is the form of the government whereby, the head of the state is King or Queen and comes into power through inheritance. Example of monarchy government are Swaziland (Eswatini), Morocco, United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. There are two types of monarchies, namely; Absolute monarchy Constitutional monarchy
• Federal Government/Federation Government. This is the form of the government in which the central government shares power with the members of small government. In this form, the government is formed when two or more states or provinces are joined together with each state or province having its own government which performs certain functions, but there is a single government which unites all states and share sovereignty with them. Examples of the federal government are United State of America (USA), India and Nigeria.
• Transitional Government. This is the form of the government which is created temporarily by the people within the country while waiting for general election or permanent government. This happens whenever there is a quick changes of the government and leaders due to political instability within the country.
4. Assume you have been appointed by your Civics teacher in your class to explain the functions of the Executive of the United Republic of Tanzania to your fellow students, what your five points will you consider?
Executive is the branch of central government which put laws into practice through its administration. The head of the Executive is President who is elected by all adult citizens in the country during the general election.
The following are the functions of the Executive of the United Republic of Tanzania;
• Implements all decisions reached by the legislature. Executive play an important role to implement the decisions which were reached by the parliament
• Enforce the laws of the state. The Executive carries out and enforce laws to protect the individual rights. Each government department is responsible for the implementation of laws and principles.
• Provide national defense and security. Executive is responsible in maintaining peace and security in the country by protecting the country from any event related to internal or external conflicts
• Formulate and execute foreign policies. Executive is responsible in formulating the foreign policies of the state and to promote the foreign relations
• Plans and implements social and economic development projects. Executive is responsible in planning and implementing the development projects for the welfare of the people in the country
5. Suppose you are a student of Haki secondary school and you get a chance to visit the National Assembly in Dodoma to learn the parliamentary activities. Narrate five functions of the parliament of Tanzania.
Parliament is the organ of the central government which makes laws of the state and set the government budget. The head of this organ is the Speaker of the national assembly of the united republic of Tanzania
who is elected by the members of the parliament. The following are the functions of parliament of Tanzania;
• To reviews the works done by the government. Legislature is responsible in reviewing and follow-up the activities which were performed by the Executive
• To makes the laws of the state. All laws of the state are made by the Legislature. Legislature is the supreme organ in the country to make laws
• To discuss and pass the annual budget. The annual budget of the state is discussed and passed by the members of the parliament before the starting of new money year. The implementations of the annual budgets improve the development in the country.
• To ask the questions for the clarification. The members of parliament ask the questions to the ministers for the clarification concerning public affairs in the country which are within their responsibilities
• To discuss and prove long and short term plans. The parliament of Tanzania is responsible in authorizing any long or short term development plans to be implemented in the country
6. The President of the United Republic of Tanzania has the mandate to dissolve the parliament whenever needed. Briefly explain five constitutional circumstances that may lead the president to exercise the power towards this decision.
Parliament is the organ of the central government which makes laws of the state and set the government budget. The head of this organ is the Speaker of the national assembly of the united republic of Tanzania who is elected by the members of the parliament.
The following are the circumstances that give the mandate to the president to dissolve the parliament.
• When the five years of the parliament life time are over. In Tanzania usually, the parliament exists for five years after every general election.
• When the parliament refuses to approve the government budget. If the parliament refuses to approve the annual budget of the government, the president has the mandate to dissolve the parliament.
• If president refuse to assent the resent bill of right. The Members of Parliament should re- discuss the bill of right returned to the National Assembly by the President. When the two-third of the members of parliament approve and resend a bill to the president, the president must assent it within 21 days. If the president does not assent it again, he or she shall have to dissolve the Parliament
• If the Parliament refuse to support a government policy. The refusal of the parliament to support an important government policy may gives the mandate to the president to dissolve the parliament
• When the government fails to get majority seats in the national assembly. If the government fail to get the majority seats in the national assembly, the president shall have to dissolve the parliament
7. The students of Maendeleo secondary school want to know how the Judiciary of Tanzania is working to serve the people’s needs. As an officer in charge in Judicial system, elaborate five functions of this organ of the state
Judiciary is the organ of the central government which interprets the laws of the state. The head of judicial system is the chief Justice who is appointed by the President. Judiciary performs its work fairly to solve the disputes in the society.
The following are the functions of Judiciary of Tanzania;
• To provide justice to the people in the country. The judiciary takes necessary steps to provide the justice to all people in the country without any kind of discrimination and oppression.
• To protect the national constitution. The judiciary is responsible to ensure that, the laws of the state which are obtained in the constitution are to be followed by all people in the country
• To protect the rights of the citizens. Judiciary is responsible to safeguard the rights of the people. All citizens in the country have the rights to seek protection in the Judiciary in case of any violation of human rights
• To interpret the laws of the state. The Judiciary has the power to interpret the laws of the state enacted by the legislature for the welfare of the people in the country.
• Hearing and judging the cases. All cases which are presented to the court relating to disputes between citizens or institutions are heard and judged in the court of laws
8. Some people in a country tend to ignore the efforts of a government in the implementation of its policies in the country. As a citizen of Tanzania, give five points to explain the important roles of the central government of Tanzania
Central government is the government of the country which deals with all national affairs of the country and has authority over the whole territory of the country. It concerned with the matters which are performed in the different organs of the central government.
The following are the important role of the central government of Tanzania;
• Providing social services. The central government provides the essential social services such as education and health services which are needed by people in the country
• Formulating the policies. The central government through Executive formulates different policies for the well-being of the people in the country
• Regulating and maintaining the economy of the country. The central government enacts laws and rules that guide the investors, issue licenses and collect tax for the development of the country
• To provide the security in the country. The central government defends the nation, its people with their properties and resources found in the country from any internal or external enemies.
• Enforcing the laws of the state. The central government enacts the laws and rules that guide all people in the country. This makes people to respect the rights of all people
9. The government of Tanzania is now focusing on the implementations of various projects for the development in the country. In five points, show how the government gets its revenues for the accomplishment of those projects?
Government revenues are the total collection of the income of the government which are generated from various sources within and outside the country aim at raising the revenues of the country.
The following are some of the government revenues;
• Direct and indirect taxes. The government collects the taxes from various sources such employees and private sectors which is direct tax, and also collects tax through imposing on goods or services
• Grants. . This is the non-payable fund which the government received from the internal or external sources such as donor countries. Most of the grants are provided to the developing countries
• Customer or user charges. Central government collects revenues from users of different public services like water, power supply, transport and medical services. They are paid through the customers’ payments of bills.
• Licenses. Also government collects revenues through selling the licenses to an individual or companies for offering services to perform certain function. Any trade or business which is conducted within the country should be given the license
• Loans. These are revenues in which the government obtains from borrowing money from either internal or external institutions. The government can borrow from other countries or international financial institutions such as world bank and IMF
10. Tanzania revenues authority (TRA) collects revenues for the development of the country. In five points, show how the government of Tanzania spends it revenues?
Government expenditure is the total consumptions of the government revenues which are collected from various sources.
However, the following are the expenditure of the government of Tanzania;
• Building of infrastructures in the country such as roads and railways. A good example is the construction of Standard Gauge Railways (SGR), the modern railway from Dar es Salaam to lake zone regions such as Mwanza, construction of fly over at Ubungo to overcome the problem of traffic congestion and construction of the road from Mbezi-Dar es Salaam to Kbaha- Pwani
• Construction of schools and health centers. They built for the provision of education and health services to the people. A good example is the maintenance of all high school in the country and building the health centers in each district in the country
• Finances different scheme and projects which may increase the development in the country. A good example is Julius Nyerere Hydropower project (JNHPP) which was strategic project of producing the electricity of more than 2,115 megawatts in the river rufiji falls at Stigler’s Gorge
• Provision subsides to the local government. The central government provide grants to the local government to facilitate various economic projects in the councils
• Paying salaries and wages. The government expends its revenues through paying the salaries to the government employees who are performing various government tasks such as doctors, teachers and other civil servants
11. The government of Tanzania established the local government authorities in order to serve people better from the local authorities. Give five functions of these authorities in the development of our country
Local government refers to the system of administration whereby, the elected leaders or representatives are in charge of the administration of regions, districts, urban centre and villages. The leaders and representatives in these authorities are elected by the residents of these areas. Local government is formed from the grass-root level in order to assist the central government in matters of administration and other important activities.
The following are the functions of local government;
• Maintenance of laws and orders. Local government authorities are responsible in maintaining laws and orders in the country
• Promote the welfare of the people in a community. Local government authorities are responsible in promotion of social and economic welfare and well being of all people within the area by enhancing the provision of social services
• Collection and proper utilization of revenues. Local government authorities are responsible in raising the income in the country through collection of revenues which are to be used in different development planning
• Making by-laws. By-laws are those laws that are made by the local authorities or organization and applied only to that area. By- laws help in ensuring the peace and security in a community
• Consider, regulate and coordinate projects and plans. Local government authorities are responsible to make sure that, all development projects and planning that initiated by government are to be implemented and fulfilled effectively
12. “There is no any benefits we are getting from the local government authorities rather than existence of abuse of power to the leader.” This statement was said by the Mtakuja villagers. Assume you are the village executive officer in that village, use five points to educate the villagers on the important effects of having local government authorities in Tanzania.
Local government refers to the system of administration whereby, the elected leaders or representatives are in charge of the administration of regions, districts, urban centre and villages. The leaders and representatives in these authorities are elected by the residents of these areas. Local government is formed from the grass-root level in order to assist the central government in matters of administration and other important activities.
The following are the important effects of having local government authorities in Tanzania;
• Presence of peace, order and harmony. The establishments of local government authorities in Tanzania contribute to the existence of peace, orders and harmony among the people in the societies. This allows people to participate in production activities
• Give people freedom of expression and participation. The existence of local government authorities give people the freedom of expression and freedom of participation in decision making on matters affecting the society
• They encourage democratic participation. The existence of these authorities make the residents from each area electing their leaders such as councilors and village chairpersons that will direct the communities to achieve the stated goals
• They benefits people from what they contribute to the local government. Residents pay taxes which increase the income of the authorities, and in turn get services such as education and health
• Inform people on the policies created. People are kept informed about the policies of their local government authorities. This helps the citizens to make better decisions concerning the development in their local areas.
13. Suppose you are a councilor of Ngomeni ward which happens to have serious water shortage. Propose five sources of revenues for local government authorities which can be used to address the problem
Local government revenues are the total collection the income in the local authorities which are generated from various sources aim at raising the revenues of the local government authorities.
The following are some of the local government revenues;
• Rent. Local governments impose the payment to the people who use and own some property, facility, equipment or service which are owned by the councils. Example of rent are house rent from council houses, rent from markets and shops
• Fees for business licenses. License is a permission from an authority to carry out an activity, own property or use something such as use of community centre like public ground or car parking ground for a certain activity
• Duties on trade. Duties are fees paid for a certain goods and services. Examples of duties which are imposed is custom duties on importing or exporting of trade goods
• Fines and penalties. Local government collect money from the people who are breaching by- laws of the authorities
• Grant. Grant is the non-payable money which is obtained from the central government or abroad as a foreign aid. Usually, this is the financial assistance from the central government to facilitate the implementation of a certain project in a council.
14. Assume you are the District Executive Director of Same district council which is the leading council for revenues collection in Tanzania. Explain five expenditures of the revenues in your council to facilitate the development in the district
Local Government expenditure is the total consumptions of the local government revenues which are collected from various sources.
The following are the expenditure of local government revenues;
• Payment of salaries, wages and allowances. Local government authorities pay the salaries and wages to the officials and employees of the council such as village executive officer, ward executive officer and civil servants who were employed by the councils.
• Paying operational cost. The council pays the operational cost for the administrative offices, for example telephone, water and electricity bills and updating computer software
• Developing economic activities. Economic activities such as agriculture, livestock keeping and small business enterprises are developed through the revenues collected from the councils. For example provision of loans to the small group of entrepreneurs from the 10% of the income
• Improving social services. The provision of social services are improved through building and maintaining of schools and health centers
• Financing the development activities. This the development expenditures such as construction of infrastructures like roads maintenance, drainage sewage system and buildings
15. Assume you are a student of Nanenane secondary school in Morogoro, attended the school Baraza concerned on how students can participate in school function. Explain to your friend who was absent five ways as expressed to you by the head master.
Students’ participation refers to the involvement of the students in various issues in school and other communities. The following are the participation of students in school functions;
• Visiting people with special needs. A student can visit people with special needs living nearby school compound who are suffering from various physical disabilities. The student as other citizens, is required to visit these people and help them
• Protecting the school environment. A student is obliged to take part in protecting the school’s environment by planting trees and flowers, prune hedges and flowers and clean the school compound.
• Participating in various schools’ projects. A student is required to take part in creating various development projects of the school such as agriculture and art works
• Obeying the school rules and regulations. A student is obliged to obey the rules and regulations established by the school administration in order to bring peace and harmony in the school
• Participating in schools’ elections. A student should engage in school elections by electing their leaders such as class leaders, head boy and head girl. This participation enable a student to practice democratic activities.
16. As a citizen of Tanzania, give five points to explain why it was necessary for the union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar of 1964?
The United Republic of Tanzania was resulted from the union of two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar which took place on 26th April 1964.
The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar was necessary because of the following factors;
• Common historical background. The people of these two countries were colonized by the British. Tanganyika was ruled by British from 1919 to 1961 and Zanzibar was ruled by British through Sultan until 10th December 1963
• Defense factor. The union was created to protect these two countries from being invaded by the external enemies.
• Common language. Kiswahili as a medium of communication between these two countries. The leaders and their people meet to discuss different matters related to their countries
• Similar political objectives. The political objectives of these countries were to benefit the majority. This made them to introduce the socialism system in which all major means of production were owned by public
• Enhancing African unity. When African countries began getting their independence there were calls to unite the continent. As a result countries have formed unions
17. Provide five points to defend the view that, the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is beneficial to Tanzanians
The United Republic of Tanzania was resulted from the union of two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar which took place on 26th April 1964.
The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar has the following benefits to Tanzanians;
• Free movement of people within these two countries. The union facilitates free movements of people from one place to another especially after removing the carrying passport
• It promotes peace, security and stability of the country. The union promote peace and security among the people who live within the boundaries of the united republic of Tanzania
• It accelerates political and socio-economic developments in the country. The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar facilitates development in social, economic and political within the countries
• Improvement of social and cultural relation. The union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar made the people of the united republic of Tanzania to have strong relation and interaction in various political and socio-economic activities
• Enhancing democratic principles. Through the union, these two countries have created and shared powers in different organs, this has helped to define a clear separation of power
18. As an officer from Ministry which deals with the union matters of the United Republic of Tanzania, propose five measures that can be taken to improve the union stability in Tanzania
The United Republic of Tanzania was resulted from the union of two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar which took place on 26th April 1964.
The following are the measures which can be taken to improve the union stability;
• To create free movement of people. Free movement of people from island to mainland and vice versa without passports should be observed
• To introduce strong institution to deal with the union. The establishment of a ministry in the president office to deal with union affairs will make union to be strong
• Removing all trade barriers of the union. Encourage the trade between the people of Zanzibar and Tanzania mainland by removing all trade obstacles that encounter the traders
• To address all challenges facing the union. Leaders in both countries should meet together to discuss find the solution of different challenges facing the union
• Consolidate cooperation in cultural matters. To consolidate cooperation in cultural affairs such as sports and games by introducing the union cup.
19. The measures which are taken to improve the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar have been achieved to the great extent, verify this statement by giving five points
The United Republic of Tanzania was resulted from the union of two countries, Tanganyika and Zanzibar which took place on 26th April 1964.
The following are the measures which are taken by the government of Tanzania to improve the union stability;
• There is free movement of people between the two countries without carrying passport . Now there are Azam marine boats which transport passengers between Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar without passport
• There is mutual relationship among the people of both countries in social, political and economic. People from mainland live in Zanzibar and also people from Zanzibar live in mainland peaceful
• There are no trade barriers among the people of both countries. People travel from Zanzibar to mainland to buy certain goods and people travel from mainland to Zanzibar to buy some goods for their consumption. There is no any trade restriction to these traders
• There is good cooperation in sports and game between these two countries. A good example is the introduction of Mapinduzi cup in Zanzibar to honor the revolution of Zanzibar in which many football clubs from mainland such as Simba SC, Azam FC and Young African SC are invited to participate in Mapinduzi cup
• Presence of Ministry that deals with union matters. There is the Ministry under vice president’s office which deals with the union matters of the United Republic of Tanzania
1. The government of Tanzania employed various measures to achieve the dream of safeguarding the national constitution. As a Minister of Constitution and Laws, provide five reasons on why the government employed such measures to attain that dream?
National constitution is the basic laws and principles of the state which govern all activities of the state. It is the fundamental laws found in one or more documents which consists state power and define the relationship between organ of the state and the citizens.
The following are the reasons why the government safeguarding the national constitution;
• Constitution protects the rights of an individual. The government of Tanzania protects the constitution because it protects the individuals rights in the country
• Constitution creates equality. Always the constitution ensures that, the government is fair and justice to its citizens. There is the presence of equality due to the citizens respect the constitution
• It describes the form of the government. Constitution describes the form of the government used in a particular country. For example Tanzania there is republic and union government
• Constitution resolves the disputes in the country. Also the government of Tanzania protects the constitution because it gives the guideline on how to resolve the disputes among the people in the country.
• Constitution sets the limit of power to the leaders. Constitution defines the limit of power of the leaders in their positions. Those leaders in the country are required to rule according to the constitution
2. Constitution in any country is important in the implementation of all government activities. In the light of this statement, explain the relationship between the government of Tanzania and the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania
National constitution is the basic laws and principles of the state which govern all activities of the state. It is the fundamental laws found in one or more documents which consists state power and define the relationship between organ of the state and the citizens.
The following are the relationship between national constitution and the government;
• Government activities reflect constitution. All government activities should reflect upon the constitution. The leaders perform the government activities as per constitution
• The constitution defines the forms of the government. The constitution defines the forms of the government to be used in the country
• Constitution established the organs of the state and outlines their powers. The constitution established the state organs such as Executive, Legislature and Judiciary and outline the powers of those organs
• Constitution provides the guidelines to choose the government leaders. The government leaders are elected as per constitution and those who are elected take an oath to defend the constitution and lead according to the constitutions guidelines
• Constitution puts the principles of equality and democracy and government implements them. The government has to be based on principles of democracy, human rights, social justice and observance of sovereignty of the state as the constitution prescribes
3. Suppose you are the Minister for Constitution and Laws in Tanzania, propose five measures that can be taken to protect the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977?
National constitution is the basic laws and principles of the state which govern all activities of the state. It is the fundamental laws found in one or more documents which consists state power and define the relationship between organ of the state and the citizens.
The following are the ways of safeguarding the national constitution;
• Provision of public education. Government and non- governmental organization should educate the public about the constitution and its importance to the people in the country
• Provision of punishment to those who violate the constitution. A person who violates the constitution should be arrested, tried in the court of laws and if found guilty is fined or jailed
• Dissolving the constitutional board. Constitution board is dissolved after finishing its task hence the constitution is supreme and no one is above it
• Derive the enacted laws from the constitution. All laws must be derived from the constitution and no one can make the laws that contradict the constitution
• Protected by the court of laws. The court of laws protect the constitution by ensuring that all people are allowed to enjoy their rights
4. Tanzania made the constitutional amendments by introducing the Bill of Rights in the National constitution in 1984 for the benefit of the citizens. As a form two students, give six reasons for this amendments.
Bill of rights is a proposal for a new law which can be originated either from government or private bill. Bill of rights was introduced for the various reasons.
The following are the reasons for introducing the Bill of Rights in the constitution;
• Protecting individual rights. The Bill of Rights aimed to protect individual rights, including freedom of expression, conscience and belief. These rights were previously not guaranteed in the constitution and the inclusion of the Bill of Rights sought to ensure that citizens were protected against any violations of their rights.
• Promoting human dignity: The Bill of Rights sought to promote human dignity by guaranteeing equal rights and protection for all citizens, regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion, or social status.
• Enhancing government accountability: The Bill of Rights aimed to ensure that government officials were held accountable for their actions and decisions. By including governments accountable for any violations of their rights.
• Fostering stability and harmony: The Bill of Rights aimed to foster stability and harmony by ensuring that citizens had a sense of security and confidence in the promote social cohesion and stability.
• Demonstrating commitment to human rights: The inclusion of the Bill of Rights demonstrated Tanzania’s commitment to human rights, as it aligned with international human rights standards.
• Encouraging economic development: The Bill of Rights aimed to create a conducive environment for economic development by ensuring that citizen’s property rights were protected, and their economic activities were not unduly constrained by the government. This would help to promote foreign investment and economic growth in the country.
1. For the democracy to thrive in any country, there are the pillars of democracy to be observed. In five points, assess the achievements of Tanzania in broadening the scope of democracy
Democracy is the system of government whereby, the majority of the citizens make the decisions of their country. The government of any democratic state receives its power from the mandate of its citizens.
The following are the achievement of Tanzania in practicing democratic activities;
• Citizens’ participation. Citizens’ participation is the involvement of citizens within the country in different affairs. Every citizen is obliged to participate fully in political, social and economic affairs of the country such as voting in election, paying taxes, etc
• Accountability and Transparency. Accountability is the responsibility of the leaders for their citizens. Transparency is the situation of doing things openness without secret. The government
leaders in any democratic state are supposed to perform their duties and responsibilities in open way without any secret to the citizens
• Rules of laws. Rule of laws is the situation where all people in the country including leaders are equal under the laws and all orders are confirmed by the laws. In any democratic state, no one including leaders must obey the laws and no one is above the laws.
• Separation of power. This is the act of dividing authority among the organs of the state between the leaders. Each organ in the democratic state has the power to exercise its obligation without being interfered with other organs.
• Regular Free and Fair Election. This is the situation whereby choosing the leaders or representatives is done democratically. In any democratic state election should be conducted in a fair environment.
2. The chairperson of Ngosiko village held the village assembly in order to address the significance of having multi party system to the adult citizen in the village. As a democratic expert in Tanzania, highlights the features of that system of democracy in Tanzania
Multi- party system is the political system in a country where there is the existence of many political parties which operate their activities legally and freely. In any democratic country, multi party system is common as the means of ensuring the implementation of Human Rights.
The following are the features of multi- party system in Tanzania;
• Presence of law that allow multi-party system. In Tanzania, there is the law in the constitution which allows the existence of more than one party system. All political parties are operated legally and recognized by the government
• Existence of Special office that deals with multi-party system. In Tanzania, there is special office which handles the affairs of all political parties in the country. This office is called Office of Register of Political Parties.
• Power of a winning political party to form the government. In Tanzania, the multi-party election gives the power and authority to the winning political party to form the government in the country. The winning party acquires legitimate mandate to form the government
• Presence of political tolerance. In Tanzania, the existence of multi-party system create the political tolerance in such a way that, political parties which lose election can concede defeat and support the winning party for well- being of the people
• It allows the debate on national matters. Multi- party democracy in Tanzania allows debate and discussion on national policies and development plans for the development of the country
3. Democratic government can be described as the opposite of dictatorship government. Prove this statement in six points.
Democratic government is the type of the government in which the political power and authority is determined by the popular election. This type of government, considers the people in making decision and get its legitimacy through free and fair election.
The following are difference between democratic government and non-democratic government;
• Difference in practicing rule of laws. In the democratic government there is the presence of rule of laws in the country. All people are equal under the laws. While in non-democratic government there is no presence of rule of laws.
• Presence of free and fair election. In the democratic election there is presence of free and fair election where the rulers are chosen by the people through election and they serve interest of the people. The situation is different in the non democratic government
• Considering people’s decisions. In the democratic government the decisions must be based on the will of the majority and with respect to the minority rights. The situation is different in the non democratic government.
• Respect of human rights. In the democratic government there is the respect of human rights. While in the non-democratic government there is no respect of human rights
• Separation of power. In the democratic government there is the separation of power in the government’s institutions. While in the non-democratic government there is no separation of powers. All powers hare hand by one person or group of people
4. You have given the chance to deliver talks on the factors that contributed to the existence of multiparty system in Tanzania, which five points will you most consider?
Multi- party system is the political system in a country where there is the existence of many political parties which operate their activities legally and freely. In any democratic country, multi party system is common as the means of ensuring the implementation of Human Rights.
The following are the factors for multi-party system in Tanzania;
• Ideological changes in the world. This occurred after the disintegration of USSR and rise of USA. USSR supported single party system because of its socialist ideology, while USA supported multi- party system because of its capitalist ideology. After the decline of USSR, USA remained only powerful nation that perpetuating liberal democracy that promotes multi-party system.
• Pressure from outside. The spread of neo- liberal policies in USA and Europe made the African countries including Tanzania to adopt multi-party system due to the economic crises they faced. To recover with that problem they seek financial support from the donor countries which had some conditions including adopting neo-liberal policies which emphasized multi-party system
• Challenges from civil societies and pressure groups. The government of Tanzania experienced the challenges from the pressure groups and civil societies which criticized the single party system.
• Widening the scope of democratic freedom. In Tanzania, multi-party system was adopted in order to give people wide scope of democratic freedom. People were given the freedom and opportunities to make their choices in different democratic affairs
• The role of Nyalali commission. In February 1991, Francis Nyalali was given the Presidential commission to collect the views country wide from the citizens and make decision on whether the country should adopt multi-party system or continue with single party system. The report of the commission later on lead to gradual changes of the constitution to accommodate a multi-party system
5. The adoption of multiparty system in Tanzania brought the changes in practicing democratic activities in the country. As one of a leader of one political party in Tanzania, highlights five advantages of this system of democracy in the country
Multi- party system is the political system in a country where there is the existence of many political parties which operate their activities legally and freely. In any democratic country, multi party system is common as the means of ensuring the implementation of Human Rights.
The following are the advantages of multi- party system in Tanzania;
• Creation of good governance. Multi-party democracy helps the political parties to co-operate and ensure good governance in the country because opposition parties create pressure to the government so as to become more serious in serving the citizens
• It stimulates the national development. Multi-party system stimulates the national development because the elected leaders are accountable to serve the citizens because citizens themselves elected and accepted their government leaders
• Ensuring good representation to the citizens. Multi-party system ensures good representation to the citizens because each political party creates its platform which represents the overall wills of the people
• Strengthening the political competition. Multi-party system strengths the political competition in the country because it creates the freedom of citizens to participate legally in political affairs such as voting for a leader or making choices to join with a political party
• Promotion of democracy in the country. Multi-party system promote democracy in the country because it gives the chance to the citizens to enjoy their social, political and economic rights
6. You are invited to give a motivational speech to the voters of Tanga constituency. Prepare five key points on the importance of democratic election in Tanzania
Democratic election is the process of choosing leaders who operate through the principles of democracy. In any democratic country, the citizens are given the chance to choose the leaders in free and fair environment.
The following are the importance of democratic election in Tanzania;
• It promotes democracy. Democratic election promote democracy because it gives the opportunity to the citizens t participate in the political activities in their country
• It ensures good governance. The democratic election ensures the good governance because the elected officials such as members of parliament are accountable to their citizens
• It creates an acceptable government. Those who are elected are chosen by majority citizens. This show that, the leaders are acceptable by the large number of citizens
• It strengthens democratic activities. It gives the chances to the citizens to ship changed their leaders peaceful and promote viable multiparty system in the country
• It ensures the development in the country. This is resulted from the accountability of the elected leaders who will decide an important issues of the country for the benefit of the citizens
7. Many countries in the world hold the general election after every specified interval, but the challenge remains on whether the election is conducted in free and fair environment. In five points, explain how you can achieve the free and fair election in Tanzania?
Free and fair election is the situation whereby choosing of leaders or representatives is done democratically. This means that, in order for election to be free and fair it must be competitive, periodic, inclusive, definitive and not limited to selecting candidates.
However the following are the achievement of free and fair election in Tanzania;
• Equal competition to all political parties. There must be the competitive for vacant seat for councilors, members of parliament or president under equal treatment. Every political party are free to assemble, move and make speeches
• Frequency of Election. There must be election interval where the election must be conducted in specific period. In Tanzania the general election is conducted after every five years
• Wide range of alternatives. There must be many choices to select the candidates. This means that, election should not be limited to select a candidate or representatives
• Presence of Secret Ballot. The election must be conducted in secrecy environment where people can vote for their representatives without fear
• Election must be inclusive to all adult citizens. The right to vote must be exercised by the large proportion of the adult population who qualify to vote.
8. The form two students of Msaragambo secondary school organized a tour to visit the National Electoral Commission (NEC). They wanted to know its functions and responsibilities. Assume you were the office in charge, elaborate five functions you will explain to the students.
National Electoral Commission is the organ responsible for supervising and coordinating the general election and by- election conducted in Tanzania. The head of NEC is the chairperson who is appointed by the President of the united republic of Tanzania.
The following are the roles and functions of the National Electoral Commission in Tanzania;
• To make people complying with electoral rule. NEC is responsible to ensure that, the election participants must comply with constitution and electoral laws
• Provide civic education for voters. NEC is responsible to provide civic education for the election procedures to the voters in the country
• Make timetable and notice available before hand. NEC is responsible to arrange and make timetable for the conducting the general election in the country
• Provide adequate training for electoral staffs. NEC provide the training to its electoral staffs in order to perform well the electoral activities during the general election
• To announce the results of the election. NEC has the power to announce the election results in the country, and the presidential result is announced by the chairperson of NEC
9. People of Nganeko constituency conducted by- election to fill the vacant position of their member of parliament. What five circumstance you think may cause people in any constituency to conduct by- election?
By-election is the election which is conducted to fill a vacant seat of a Member of Parliament or a councilor between the general election.
By- election is conducted if there is one of the following circumstances;
• Resigning of councilor or Member of Parliament. By- election is conducted in a constituency or a ward if a member of parliament or councilor resign from his or her position
• Death of a councilor or Member of Parliament. By- election is conducted in a constituency or ward if a member of parliament or councilor died when he or she is in position
• Dissolve of the Parliament. By- election is conducted if the parliament is dissolved before the end of its life time of five years after the general election
• Failure of a member of parliament to discharge duties. By- election is conducted in a constituency if a member of parliament fails to discharge his or her duties
• High court decisions due to wrong in general election. By- election can be conducted if the High court make decision for re-election due to the wrong in general election
1. “Some girls and women in Tanzania are the victim and were affected with Female Genital Mutilation.” As civics experts, assess five driving forces that lead to this cultural practice
Female Genital Mutilation is a collective name which means the partial or total removal of the clitoris in the female reproductive organ (vagina). Female Genital Mutilation is a violation of basic human rights. The following are the driving factors that lead to female genital mutilation;
• To control women’s sexuality or sexual desire. Societies who practiced FGM know that, biologically, there are some organs of woman body which are very sensitive during sexual intercourse. One of them is clitoris. So to prevent a girls from developing interesting in sexuality, they are mutilated (cut off clitoris)
• Promote the young girls to adult hood. FGM goes with initiation of ceremonies that promote young girls to women hood. So it considered as a prestige and a sign of maturity among girls
• Beliefs of preserving the traditional culture. Some societies believe that, female genital mutilation is one among of the important African traditional culture that the societies must practice it in order to preserve their culture. So people from outside the community should not question or stop it.
• Beliefs of improve women fertility. Some societies believe that, female genital mutilation develop women fertility and improves a woman’s ability to endure the pain during delivery
• Beliefs of making a girl clean. Some societies practiced female genital mutilation because they believe that the young girls will be clean all the time because due to FGM, the girls could develop the sense of adult hood
2. In five points, argue against the statement that “ female genital mutilation is one of the positive cultural practices in some communities in Tanzania”
Female Genital Mutilation is a collective name which means the partial or total removal of the clitoris in the female reproductive organ (vagina). Female Genital Mutilation is a violation of basic human rights. The following factors show the demerits of female genital mutilation to be practiced;
• Marital conflicts due to sexual dissatisfaction. This can result from two reasons, one, some men dislike the women who are mutilated. Second, circumcised women do not enjoy the sexual activity, thus they lack sexual satisfaction, so they dislike sexuality altogether.
• Can lead to death. FGM can cause the death to the circumcised women and girls due to the prolonged bleeding during and after mutilation
• Disturbance of the natural vaginal elasticity during delivery. Female genital mutilation disturb the vagina elasticity due to the scar left after the mutilation
• Spread of HIV/AIDS. Female genital mutilation can lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS because FGM is practiced under unsafe condition. Sometimes, a single knife is used to circumcise several girls.
• Circumcised women can develop feeling of anxiety and depression. Women who are mutilated develop a feeling of anxiety and depression due to the deformation of their genitalia or due to the pain they feel during circumcision.
3. “Some societies in Tanzania pressurize the widow inheritance after the death of her husband.” This statement was said by chairperson of LHRC when he homiletic the congress of women in Nkrumah Hall at University of Dar es Salaam. As one among of the member who attended the congress, provide five driving factors for the practice of this traditional culture in Tanzania
Widow inheritance is the process which involves the practice of a married woman to be remarried to a relative of her deceased husband.
Widow inheritance is practiced in some of the African societies because of the following reasons;
• Beliefs of promoting and protection culture. Some societies in Tanzania believe that, inheriting the widow is one among of the way of promoting and protecting their traditional culture
• Management and retention of family wealth. Some societies in Tanzania practicing this traditional culture as the way of preserving the wealth of a family after the death of a husband. They believe that, brother of deceased husband is a right person to take care on the family of his brother
• Continuation of clan bloodline. Some societies practice wife inheritance in order to continue the clan bloodline and family lineage after the death of a husband
• Comforting a widow from loneliness. Inheritance of wife in some societies in Tanzania is practiced in order to bring comfortably to a widow and free from loneliness.
• Continuation of the bond between the families. Some societies in Tanzania inherit the widow in order to make the continuation of the bond between the families of the widow and deceased husband
4. If you have given the chance to explain the reasons that, why there are many efforts which are put forward to abolish the traditional culture of wife inheritance to some societies in Tanzania, which five points you will explain?
Wife inheritance is the process which involves the practice of a married woman to be remarried to a relative of her deceased husband. Widow inheritance is practiced in some of the African societies because of the following reasons.
The following are the reasons why wife inheritance must be abolished in the societies;
• Wife inheritance lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is because, may be a husband dead with HIV/AIDS, and a widows may be victims, so a person who inherits a widow will be affected. So the government put efforts to abolish wife inheritance in order to avoid the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS
• Wife inheritance leads to the violation of human rights. Sometimes, inheritance of a widow is termed as violation of human rights because it has turned women as a sexual object or leisure. A woman is to be there only to satisfy a man who inherits her.
• Wife inheritance lead to the psychological problem to a widow. Sometimes, inheritance of a widow may lead to the psychological problem to a widow because she was forced to be married with a man without her willing.
• Wife inheritance may cause family conflicts. Inheritance of a widow may cause family conflicts between the inherited wife and husband’s family, especially in the inhering the wealth left behind by deceased husband
• Wife inheritance may lead to the increase street children. Sometimes inheritance of a widow may lead to the street children. This is because, the children of deceased husband may lack good parental care from a man who inherit their mother
5. Consider yourself as an expert from Tanzania Gender Network Program (TGNP), explain to the community five cultural practices that should be prohibited in Tanzanian societies
Culture is the total ways of people’s life in a given societies which includes things like dressing, language art and cultural practices. There are some of the cultural practices in Tanzania must be prohibited to be practice.
The following are those cultural practices that must be prohibited in Tanzania;
• Inheritance of widow or wife inheritance. This is the process of taking one’s wife after the death of her husband this process has been discouraged in many societies in order to avoid the rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS
• Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Female Genital Mutilation is a collective name which means the partial or total removal of the clitoris in the female reproductive organ (vagina). Female Genital Mutilation is a violation of basic human rights
• Early marriages Early marriages are those marriages in which a person who gets married he or she does not reach the proper age of getting married. Normally, in Tanzania the suggested right age for marriage is 18 years and above. Early marriages are not required because they can lead to the increase of girls drop out from school as they get married at a tender age
• Regarding women as sexual object. Some societies regard women as the sex object. Women are there in the family in order to provide the enjoyment to men. This made some societies to stop from sending the girls to schools because they believe that it is waste time and money because girls are married off to serve their husband
• Forced marriages. Sometimes the young girls are forced to get married to men whom they do not want. This cultural practice must be prohibited because it reduce the girls’ potentials to continue with education
6. Assume you are an activist from TGNP, give five points to explain to the community five consequences of Negative socio-cultural practices in Tanzania
Negative socio-cultural practices are those cultural practices in a society that hinder and denied equal participation between male and female in a society.
Negative socio-cultural practices must be abolished because of the following reasons;
• Increase of illiterate people. Some of the cultural practice may lead to the increase of illiteracy especially to young girls because they are drop out from school as they get married at a tender age
• Rise of family conflicts. Some of the cultural practices may lead to the occurrence of various domestic conflicts due to the wife beating, forced marriages and finally divorce
• Spread of HIV/AIDS. Some of the cultural practices such as female genital mutilation, wife inheritance can lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other STD’s because those cultural practices were taken into unsafe environment
• Violation of human rights. The practice of some cultural practices is totally violation of human rights especially the right of women who sometime are treated badly by some members of a community
• Health complication. Some of the cultural practices may affect the health of the women. For example, female genital mutilation disturb the vagina elasticity due to scars left behind, also early marriages cause health problem to the young girls due immaturity of their reproductive organs
7. The female status in some societies is affected with the negative socio-cultural practices. As a community development officer, propose five measures that can be taken to address the cultural practices that undermine female status in Tanzania
Negative socio-cultural practices are those cultural practices in a society that hinder and denied equal participation between male and female in a society.
The following are the ways that must be taken to abolish negative socio-cultural practices in Tanzania;
• Provision of mass education. To educate the people through various mass media on the negative impacts of the negative socio-cultural practices, this will help them to take the necessary measures to avoid those bad traditional culture
• Empowering women Organization. Some of the organization that defend the rights of women like TAMWA. TGNP, WAMA and TAWLA must be encouraged and protected in the country because they help to defend the rights of the women
• Enacting the laws to defend the women. The government should take the legal actions to those who entertain negative aspects of our cultural values that affect the women status in a community
• Prohibiting those harmful cultural practices. The government should take necessary action to prohibit those harmful cultural practices that affects the right of the women in Tanzania such as early marriages, FGM, wife inheritance etc
• Provision of reproductive education. The reproductive education should be offered to both girls and boys so that they can know on how to take care of their reproduction system by avoiding those bad cultural practices that affect their reproductive health.
