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BIOLOGY PRACTICAL O' LEVEL CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION
-Classification: is the grouping of organisms based on their similarities and differences.
RANKS OF CLASSIFICATION
-There are seven (7) ranks of classification which are:
1. Kingdom........the highest rank
2. Phylum or division
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species..........the lowest rank.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
-There are two types of classification which are:
1. Natural classification: is the grouping of organisms based on many features in common.
2. Artificial classification: is the grouping of organisms based on few features especial observed features.
*TAXONOMY: is the study which deals with the identification, naming and classification of organisms.
*NOMENCLATURE: is the system of giving scientific names to the organisms.
*BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: is scientific way of naming organisms where by each organism has one scientific name with two parts, the generic name and the specific name.
In biology, organisms are classified into five major groups called kingdoms.
These groups are:
1. Kingdom monera.eg bacteria
2. Kingdom protoctista.eg amoeba
3. Kingdom fungi.eg mushroom
4. Kingdom plantae.eg maize
5. Kingdom animalia.eg human being
--According to NECTA, different questions of biology practical in classification are based on the last three kingdom: Kingdom fungi, Kingdom plantae, and Kingdom animalia.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
.eg human being
General characteristics of kingdom animalia
- They are multicellular and eukaryotes.
- They exhibit heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
- They have sensory nervous system.
- They have mainly sexual reproduction.
- They store food in the form of glycogen.
Distinctive features of kingdom animalia
- They have limited growth
- They can locomote
- They have nervous system.
- They show heterotrophic mode of nutrition
- They have skeleton tissues
PHYLUM OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA
A. Phylum platyhelminthesis.eg worms
B. Phylum nematoda.eg ascaris
C. Phylum annelida.eg earthworm
D. Phylum arthropoda.eg insects
E. Phylum chordata.eg fish
*According to this level, we shall deal with the last three phylum that can appear at an exams due to their possibility of availability.
A. PHYLUM ANNELIDA.eg earthworms
General characteristics of annelida (earthworm)
- They have a closed circulatory system.
- The heart is dorsal, has ventrial nervous system.
- They reproduce sexually, fertilization is external.
- They are hermophrodite (two sexes in one organism)
- Have both circular and longitudinal muscles for movement.
Distinctive features of annelida (earthworm)
- Body may have over 100 metameres
- They have hydrostatic skeleton
- The segments are divided by a cross wall called septum
- Excretion is mainly by nephridia
Economic imporatance of annelida (earthworm)
- Their burrows provide natural drainage channels.
- The burrows improve soil aeration
- They increase the depth of topsoil
- The constant passage through the soil reduce the particle to a fine state
- Used in biological study.
- Used as food for some organisms
Adaptation of earthworm to mode of life
- Lives mostly in barrows to avoid dehydration
- They posses chaeta for locomotion
- They are omnivorous mode of feeding, this ensure availability of food throughout so increase chance of survival.
- They have hydrostatic skeleton for support and locomotion
- Similar colour with environment produces comuflage.
Habitat of earthworm
- They lives in moist soil.
Mode of nutrition of earthworm
- They are heterotrophs (omnivorous)
Mode of reproduction of earthworm
- They reproduce sexually by producing egg and sperm at the clitellum.Fertilization is external
* Common name is Earthworm.
* Scientific name of earthworm is
Classification of earthworm to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; annelida
- Class; oligochaeta
STRUCTURE OF EARTHWORM
General characteristics of phylum arthropoda
- Thier have exoskeleton
- They have segmented body
- The body consist of head, thorax and abdomen
- Have antennae
- Have simple or compound eyes
Advantages of exoskeleton
- Provide protection from mechanical or chemical injury.
- Prevent the entry of pathogens.
- It maintains the shape and support the body
- It help in locomotion
Did advantages of exoskeleton
- It is hard and not flexible
- It limit growth and size due to its hardness.
- It is less sensitive
- It is impermeable to gase.i.e doesn't allow free gaseous exchange
Classes of phylum arthropoda
a. Class diplopoda.eg millipede
b. Class chilopoda.eg centipede
c. Class arachnida.eg spider
d. Class crustaceans.eg crab
e. Class insecta.eg bee
a. Class diplopoda.eg millipede
General characteristics of diplopoda( millipede)
- They have segmented body
- They have two pairs of legs in each segment
- Roll into ball when threatened
- Excretion is through malpigian tubules
- The sexes are separate male and female
Adaptation of millipede
- They posses legs for locomotion
- Presence of exoskeleton which protect the internal organs from dessication.
- They secreate a toxic fluid for protection from predators.
- They lives in soil and they are brown blackish in colour gives them camouflage.
- Have one pairvof antenna for sensation
Observable features of millipede
- Have two pairs of legs in each segment
- Have one pair of antennae
- Body divided in many segment
- Have simple eyes
Habitat of millipede
- Thy lives in shady moist soils rich in organic matter.
* Common name is millipede.
* Scientific name of millipede is Lukus terestris.
Classification of millipede to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; arthropods
- Class; diplopoda
THE STRUCTURE OF MILLIPEDE
b. Class chilopoda.eg centipede
General characteristics of chilopoda (centipede)
- Have flattered body
- Have one pair of legs in each segment
- Have pair of poisonous claws to the appendages
- Have a pair of antennae in head region
- Have a pair of mandibles on the mouth part
Observable features of centipede
- Have one pair of legs in each segment
- Have simple eyes
- Have poisonous claws
- Have a pair of antennae
Adaptation of centipede
- Have pair of antennae for sensation
- Have many legs for locomotion
- Have pair of poisonous claws for locomotion
Habitat of centipede
- They lives in sandy soil beneath stone, dry grass areas and barks of trees.
* Common name is Centipede.
* Scientific name of centipede is Lithobius froficatus.
Classification of centipede to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; arthropods
- Class; chilopoda
STRUCTURE OF CENTIPEDE
c. Class arachnida.eg spider, scorpion, ticks
- They have four pairs of legs
- The body is divided in two regions i.e the cephalothorax and abdomen
- Gesous exchange is by book lungs or trachea system
- Some members have poisonous claws
- Have a simple eyes
Observable features of spider, scorpion and ticks
- Have four pair of legs
- Have simple eyse
- Body divided into two regions
- Have poisonous sting
Adaptations of spider, scorpion, and ticks
- Have legs for locomotion
- Have simple eyse for sight
- Have poisonous sting for protection
Habitat of spider, scorpion, and ticks
- They are terrestrial organisms lives in rocks, roof of the walls and in the soil
Classification of spider, scorpion, and ticks to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; arthropods
- Class; arachnida
THE STRUCTURE OF SCORPION
STRUCTURE OF SPIDER
d. Class crustaceans.eg crab
General characteristics of crustaceans( crab)
- Have exoskeleton
- Respiratory is by gills
- Have a pair of compound eyes
- Have four pairs of legs
- The body is divided into two main parts.i.e cephalothorax and abdomen
- sexes separate
Observable features of crustaceans (crab)
- Have four pairs of legs
- Have compound eyes
- Have exoskeleton
- The body is divided into two parts
Adaptations of crab
- Have legs for locomotion
- Have compound eyes for maximum sight
- Have exoskeleton for internal protection
Habitat of crab
- They lives in water( aquatic habitat)
* Common name is Crab.
* Scientific name of crab is Crcinus maenas.
Classification of crab to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; arthropods
- Class; crustaceans
THE STRUCTURE OF CRAB
e. Class insects.eg housefly.mosquito.cockroach
General characteristics of insecta( housefly, bee, mosquito, and cockroach)
- Body is divided into three main parts.i.e head, thorax, and abdomen
- Have one pair of antennae
- Gesous exchange by trachea
- Have a compound eyes
- Have three pairs of jointed legs
- Some have developed wings
Observable features of housefly, bee, mosquito, cockroach, and grasshopper
- Have one pair of antennae
- Have jointed legs
- Have pair of wings
- Have compound eyes
- Body divided into three parts
Adaptations of bee, housefly, cockroach, grasshopper, and mosquito
- Have antennae for sensation
- Have legs for locomotion
- Have wings for flying
Bee.
Housefly.
Have compound eys for maximum sighting
- Have abdomen for reproduction and respiration
Habitat of bee, housefly, mosquito, cockroach, grasshopper
- They lives in freshly water and terrestrial habitats
Classification of bee, housefly, cockroach, mosquito, and grasshopper to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; arthropods
- Class; insecta
Grasshopper
Cockroaches
Economic importance of bee, housefly, mosquito, cockroach, butterfly and grasshopper
- Acts as agent of pollination.eg bee
- Causative agent of diseases.eg mosquito
- Used in biological study
- Source of food.eg grasshopper
- Used for decoration.eg butterfly
C. PHYLUM CHORDATA.eg fish,
General characteristics of chordata
- Posses notochord
- Presence of nerve cord
- Presence of visceral cleft
- Have ventral heart
Classes of chordata
a. Class chondrichthyes.eg shark
b. Class osteichthyes.eg tilapia
c. Class amphibia.eg frog
d. Class reptilia.eg snake
e. Class aves.eg bird
f. Class mammali.eg bat
a. Class osteichthyes.eg tilapia
General characteristics of osteichthyes( tilapia)
- They have terminal mouth.
- Have a pair of eyes and nostrils
- Scales are cycloid pointing backwards and overlapping
- Posses a homocoecal tail fin at the posterial part
- They have two chambered heart
- They have terminal mouth with homocoecal (equal) tail
Adaptations of tilapia
- Have tail for swimming
- Have gills for gesous exchange
- Have pair of eyes and nostrils for sensitivity
- Cycloid scales pointed backward to support movement during swimming
- Posses swim bladder for buoyancy maintainance
Observable features of tilapia
- Have eyes, and terminal mouth
- Have tail
- Have gills
- Have cycloid scales
- Have fins
Habitat of tilapia
- They are living in every type of water (aquatic organism)
Classification of tilapia to its class level
- Kingdom; animalia
-Phylum; chordata
-Class; osteichthyes
STRUCTURE OF TILAPIA FISH
b. Class amphibia.eg frog
General characteristics of amphibia (frog and toad)
- The skin is moist and slippery to touch.
- The hind limbs are long and stronger
- The legs are webbed with five digit toes
- The fore limbs are short
- They appear mottled green with dark brown colour.
Adaptations of frog and tod
- With jumping and hopping, they are very fast in locomotion
- The hind limbs are long, muscular and strong for jumping and hopping
- Webbed feet support in swimming
- Have galnds that secrete a milky substance so as to keep away predators
- Have ability to hebernate and search for food in night time.
Habitat of frog
- They are found normally in damp situations onbgrass near water, damp ditches and swimming in ponds or streams.
* Common name is frog.
* Scientific name of frog is Rana temporaria.
Classification of frog to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; chordata
- Class; amphibia
STRUCTURE OF FROG
c. Class reptilia.eg snake, chameleo, totoe, crocodile.
General characteristics of reptilia(lizard, snake, crocodile,)
- They have dry scaly skin
- Internal fertilization and the eggs are amniotic
- Respiration by lungs only
- Have four chambered heart except the crocodile is completely four chambered heart
- They secrete nitrogenous wastes inform of uric acid
Adaptations of reptilia (snake, crocodile, lizard, camelion)
- Are webbed between toes, aids swimming in water (crocodile)
- Streamed lined body enables easy penetration in water
- Have toes with claws to dig and climb
- Nostrils present for smell
- Produce large number of eggs and protected stiky slimy jelly
Habitat of reptilian
- Most lives in terrestrial ( lizard, snake, tortoes, chameleon), and some lives in aquatic habitat (crocodile, snake, tortoes).
Classification of snake, crocodile, chameleon, tortoes, lizard
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; chordata
- Class; reptilia
STRUCTURE OF LIZARD
d. Class aves.eg bird
General characteristics of aves (bird)
- The fore limbs are modified into wings
- The mouth is modified into a horny beaks
- They have scaly legs and claws on the digits
- They have four chambered heart
- Body coveted with feathers
Adaptations of aves( birds)
- Body is coverd with feathers for insulation and flight
- The fore limbs are modified into wings for flight
- The body is stream lined to reduce air resistance
- They have hollow bones to keep weight to its minimum for efficient flight
- Internal fertilization increase chance of survival
Observable features of pigeon (bird)
- Have wings
- Have two hind limbs
- Have feathers
- Have beak mouth
- Have claws in their fingers
Habitat of pigeon( bird)
They lives in almost every part of the world. They inhabit forests such as rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, swamp forests and arboreal forests.
Classification of pigeon( birds) to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; chordata
- Class; aves
Pigeon
e. Class mammalia.eg rat, bat, human being etc.
General characteristics of mammalian( rat, bat, human being)
- Have mammary glands
- Body coverd by hairs
- Have heterodont teeth
- Have diaphragm
- Have four chambered heart
- Have sweat glands
Adaptations of mammalian(rat, bat, human being,etc.)
- Heterodont dentition a variety of teeth for variety of purpose
- Hairs and glands helps in maintaining body temperature
- Have internal fertilization hence increase chance of survival
- Have well developed blood circulatory system
- Have nervous and hormonal coordination
Habitat of mammalian (bat, tat....)
- Most of them lives in terrestrial habitat,,and some lives in aquatic habitat
Mode of nutrition of mammalian
- They are heterotrophs due to the lack of chloroplasts
Mode of reproduction of mammalian
They reproduce sexually, they have internal fertilization
Classification of rat, bat NAD human being to class level
- Kingdom; animalia
- Phylum; chordata
- Class; mammalian
RAT.
Economic importance of mammalian( rat, bat....)
- They are direct source of food. eg cow, rat...
- They are used in biological studies.eg rat
- They are used as guards and detection of drugs.eg dog
- They are used as biological control of pests.eg cat
- They are used for transportation purpose.eg horse
SAMPLE OF QUESTIONS CONCERNED WITH CLASSIFICATION:
NB: assume you are provided with specimen Z that is a BEE.
* What is the common name of specimen Z?.
* What is scientific name of specimen Z?.
* Mention four observable features of specimen Z.
* In which kingdom specimen Z is placed?.
* Outline three features that makes specimen Z to fit in kingdom you mentioned above.
* In which class specimen Z is placed?.
* Classify specimen Z into its class level.
* State the habitat of specimen Z.
* What is the mode of reproduction of specimen Z?.
* Outline four adaptations of specimen Z to its mode of life.
* Listdown five economic importance of specimen Z.
* Outline three characteristics of specimen Z.
* Draw the structure of specimen Z and label it.