Topic 1: Classification Of Living Things - Biology Notes Form Two

Topic 1: Classification Of Living Things - Biology Notes Form Two

Kingdom Fungi

Member of the kingdom Fungi include fairly familiar organisms such as mushrooms, toadstools and bracket fungi.

There are also less obvious but very important members such as mold, which grow on bread, ripe fruits and other food.

The General and Distinctive Features of the Kingdom Fungi

Explain the general and distinctive features of the kingdom Fungi

General features of kingdom fungi

1. Fungi are found in damp or wet places
2. They have eukaryotic cells with a rigid protective wall made of chitin
3. They are heterotrophs, some are saprophytic where others are parasitic
4. They store food as glycogen
5. They reproduce using spore
6. They are non-mobile

Distinctive features of kingdom fungi

1. They have chitin in their cell wall
2. They have septate

The Phyla of the Kingdom Fungi

State the phyla of the Kingdom Fungi

Phyla of the kingdom fungi

1. Ascomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Basidiomycota

Ascomycota

Ascomycota

are also called sae fungi. They produce spore in sae-like cell

calledasei. These spores are called ascopores. Examples of Ascomycota

are bakers’yeast, cup fungi and ringworm fungi.

Characteristics of phyla Ascomycota

1. Their cell wall is not made by chitin but cetin polysaccharide component of phosphoric acid
2. Have granulated cytoplasm
3. Store food in form of glycogen
4. Reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by means of ascospores.

Distinctive features

1. Reproduce sexually by means of ascospores

(i) Reproduce sexually by means of ascospores

The Structure of Mosses

Describe the structure of mosses

Mosses

are small, softplantscalledbryophytes, that are typically 1–10 cm

(0.4–4 in) tall, though some species are much larger. They commonly grow

close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations.

They do

not haveflowersorseeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry

stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear

as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.

Advantage and Disadvantages of Mosses

Outline advantage and disadvantages of Mosses

On

the advantage side, it can help to hold thebonsai soilin place and

prevent it from washing out of the container. Moss can increase the

water retention capability of the soil by slowingevaporation.

On

the disadvantage side, a thick carpet of moss can reduce the diffusion

of gases into the soil and to theroots, which can result inroot

rotorpoor drainageconditions. Moss can grow up onto thesurface

rootsandtrunkof your bonsai, and soften theirbark, promoting its decay.

Division Filicinophyta (Pteridophyta)

General and Distinctive Features of the Division Filicinophyta

Explain general and distinctive features of the division Filicinophyta

This

division was formerly called Pteridophyta. The division Filicinpphyta

includes a group ofprimitive vascular plants. The adult plant body in

these plants is a sporophyte. It showsdifferentiation into true roots,

stems and leaves. The stem is mostly herbaceous. Leaves may besmaller or

larger. Vascular tissues are present in all the vegetative parts of the

plant body.

Characteristics of division Filicinophyta Members of this kingdom include horsetails, ferns and mosses.

1. Reproduction
   involves production of spores inside special structures called
   sporangiawhich occur on the underside of the leaves called sporophylls.
   Sprangia may sometimesbe found in groups called sori.
2. The plants
   may be homosporous – producing only one type of spore or heterosporous
   -producing two different types of spores; smaller microspores and larger
   megaspores.
3. They are seedless vascular plants, which contain vascular tissues but do not produceseeds.

The Structure of Ferns

Describe the structure of Ferns

Ferns

are intermediate in complexity between the more primitive bryophytes

(mosses, liverworts,and hornworts) and the more advanced seed plants.

Like bryophytes, ferns reproduce sexually bymaking spores rather than

seeds.

Most ferns produce spores on the underside or margin of

theirleaves. Like seed plants, ferns have stems with a vascular system

for efficient transport of waterand food. Ferns also have leaves, known

technically as megaphylls, with a complex system ofbranched veins.

In general, ferns consist of the following structures:

Fronds

The

frond is the “leaf” of a fern. It is divided into two main parts, the

stipe (leaf stalk or petiole)and the blade (the leafy expanded portion

of the frond).

Rhizomes

Rhizomes

would be comparable to “stems” in the flowering plants. Fronds arise

from therhizome. In some epiphytic ferns (ferns that grow on trees) and

in terrestrial creeping ferns therhizome roams widely and is quite

visible.

The

rhizome contains the conducting tissues (xylem and phloem) and the

strengthening tissues(sclerenchyma fibres). The conducting tissue, known

as the vascular bundle, carries the water,minerals, and nutrients

throughout the plant.

Roots

Roots

are formed from the rhizomes or sometimes from the stipe. The roots

usually do not divideonce they grow from the rhizome. Tree fern roots

grow down from the crown and help thickenand strengthen the trunk. The

roots anchor the plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals.

Sporangia

The

sporangia are the reproductive structures of the ferns and fern allies.

They produce the dustlikespores that are the “seeds” by which ferns are

propagated.

Several sporangia groupedtogether are called a sorus. Most

ferns have their sporangia on the underside of the frond,arranged in an

organized pattern usually associated with veins in the pinnule (leaf).

Many times(but not always) the ferns provide a protective covering for

the sorus called an indusium.

Spores

The

“seeds” of the ferns and fern allies are called spores. Normally they

are formed in groups offour. Spores contain oil droplets and sometimes

chlorophyll in their nucleus.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ferns

Outline advantages and disadvantages of ferns

Advantages of ferns

1. Some ferns are edible and hence serve as a source of food.
2. They provide nutrients to the soil to improve soil fertility.
3. They cover the soil and prevent soil erosion.
4. They are used as decoration materials.

Disadvantages of ferns

1. They harbour dangerous organisms like snakes and insects.
2. Some ferns are poisonous when eaten.