Topic 5: Gaseous Exchange And Respiration - Biology Notes Form 2
The Concept of Gaseous Exchange
Identify organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms
Organs responsible for gaseous exchange in living organisms include the following:
ORGANISM | RESPIRATORY SURFACE |
Amoeba | Cell membrane |
Insects | Tracheal system |
Spider | Book lung |
Fish | Gills |
Plants | Leaves, stems, roots |
Amphibians | Skin, gills and lungs |
Mammals | Lungs |
Birds | Lungs |
reptiles | Lungs |
Features of Respiratory Surface
- They are thin to reduce diffusion distance
- They are moist to dissolve gaseous so that they dissolve and diffuse in solution form
- They are highly braced, folded or flattened in order to increase the surface area for gaseous exchange
- They are close to efficient transport and exchange easily by the cells
- They are well ventilated so that gaseous passes easily
The Concept of Gaseous Exchange
Explain the concept of gaseous exchange
Gaseous Exchange in Mammals
The Features of Different Parts of the Respiratory System and their Adaptive Features
Describe the features of different parts of the respiratory system and their adaptive features
The Features of Different Parts of the Respiratory System include the following:
Nose and nasal cavity:It has mucus and hair which trap dust and microorganisms
Lungs:They are sponge with air space (alveoli) which is the main organ of mammalian gaseous exchange
Ribs:They are made up of hard bone tissues which protect the lungs from injury.
Intercostal muscles:They more antagonistically to allow expansion and relaxation of the thoraic cavity
Diaphragm: is the muscular sheet of tissue which separate thorax from abdomen
Alveoli: they are numerous in number; they are moist and thin membranes
- Provide surface area for gaseous exchange
- Reduce distance for diffusion of gaseous
- Enable gaseous to dissolve into solution before diffusing
- Transport oxygen from the alveoli to the tissues and carbon dioxide to the alveoli
- Maintain the shape and avoid collapsing
The Mechanism of Gaseous Exchange in Mammals
Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in mammals
Gaseous Exchange Across the Alveolus
Describe gaseous exchange across the alveolus
Factors Affecting Gaseous Exchange in Mammals
Outline factors affecting gaseous exchange in mammals
Factors affecting gaseous exchange in mammals include the following:
- Exercise or physical activities
- Age
- Emotions
- Temperature
- Health
- Carbon dioxide concentration
- Hemoglobin concentration
- Altitude
Gaseous Exchange in Plants
Importance of Gaseous Exchange in Plants include the following:
- It enables the plants to eliminate excess carbon dioxide at night of which if left will harm the plants
- It enables plants to obtain carbon dioxide which is one of the raw materials necessary for photosynthesis
- Plants obtain oxygen which is necessary for production of energy which is produced during respiration through gaseous exchange
Respiration
Types of Respiration
Mention types of respiration
- Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (38ATP)
Carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form a weaklyacidicsolution.
Hydrogencarbonate indicatoris used to show the presence of carbon dioxide in solution. It is:
- red at neutralpH(no carbon dioxide)
- yellow at low pH (carbon dioxide present)
Investigating heat production
The release of heat can be shown by carrying out an experiment usinggerminatingseeds. Twovacuum flasksare used:
- one containing living plant material
- one containing dead plant material (thecontrol)
Contents | Start temp (°C) | End temp (°C) | Temp change (°C) |
---|---|---|---|
Living plant material | 21 | 29 | 8 |
Dead plant material | 21 | 21 | 0 |
Factors which Affect the Rate of Respiration
Describe factors which affect the rate of respiration
AnAerobic Respiration
The Concept of Anaerobic Respiration
Explain the concept of anaerobic respiration
- Anaerobic Alcoholic fermentation in plant cell and yeast
- Anaerobic lactic fermentation
- Anaerobic Alcoholic fermentation in plant cell and yeast
- Anaerobic lactic fermentation
- Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
- C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2 ATP
- Raw Material → End Product
- C6H12O6 (Glucose)→ C3H6O3 + 2ATP Energy (Lactic Acid)
- Raw Material → End Product
In plants
- Ethanol
- Carbon dioxide
- Energy
- Lactic Acid
- Energy (2ATP)
- Thisprocess brings about fermentation. Fermentation occurs when simplesugar (glucose) is broken down by bacterial in absence of oxygen
- Bacteria break down milk sugar to reduce lactic acid
- Production of composite manure
Oxygen debt
Application of Anaerobic respiration in industry and home
- Alcohol brewing e.g. making beer and wine
- Production of acetic acid and other acid such as citric acid
- Production of biogas from cooking and lighting
- Bread making process
- Production of composite manure
The Difference Between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration
Distinguish between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Differences between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration include the following
Aerobic Respiration | Anaerobic Respiration |
Oxygen is used up | Oxygen is not used |
Larger amount of energy is released | Less amount of energy is released |
Water molecules are produced | Water molecules are not produced |
Takes place in mitochondria | Takes place in cytoplasm |
Products produced are not harmful | Products produced are harmful example lactic acid |
Infection and Diseases of the Respiratory System
Common Airborne Infections and Diseases which Affect the Respiratory System
Mention common airborne infections and diseases which affect the respiratory system
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Mention disorders of the respiratory system
Disorders of the Respiratory System include the following:
- PNEUMONIA
- BRONCHITIS
- ASTHMA
- LUNG CANCER
- EMPHYSEMA
- TUBERCULOSIS
Causes, Symptoms and Effects of the Disorders of the Respiratory System
Explain causes, symptoms and effects of the disorders of the respiratory system
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PNEUMONIA
- Fever
- Chills
- Shortness of breath associated with pain
- Increase of mucus production
- Cough
- Staying warm
- Avoiding overcrowded areas
- Avoiding cold food and drinks, hot drinks are preferred more as they loosen secretions
- Get treatment as early as possible since it is curable by antibiotics
BRONCHITIS
This is caused by whooping cough or recurrent attacks of influenza; smoking can also cause acute bronchitis.
- Pain in the chest
- Rapid breathing
- Fever
- Coughing
- Headache
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
- Coughing with the production of thick sputum
- Breathing difficulties
- Avoiding smoking
- Avoid very smoky or dusty areas
- Live in a well-ventilated house
- Keep your body warm
- Seek medical help
- Allergic reactions to dust, pollen, spores or animal fur
- Herediroty diseases of the respiratory system
- Extremely cold weather
- Frequent viral or bacteria lung infection
- Narrowing of bronchioles resulting in breathing difficulties and a wheezing or hissing sound when breathing
- Coughing
- Shortness of breath
- Excessive production of mucus
- Dilation of blood vessels leading to low blood pressure, low blood pressure can be fatal
- Chest tightness
- Avoid allergens (things that cause allergenic reaction)
- Get treatment for respiratory infections as early as possible
- Keep the body warm
- Muscle relaxants in the form of sprays, pills and injections are used to prevent the narrowing of bronchitis
LUNG CANCER
- Chest pain
- Breathing difficulty
- Weight Loss
- Persistent Cough
- Abnormal Production of Mucus
- Stop smoking
- There is no cure for cancer. However chemotherapy and physiotherapy are used to control the disease
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
- Mainly cigarette smoke
- Air pollution
- Hereditary
- Old age
- Shortness of breath
- Coughing
- Obstructive lung disease
- Difficulties when breathing especially during exercise
- Wheezing during breathing
- Avoid cigarette smoking and exposure to smoke
- Lung surgery is usually done to relieve the symptoms
- Use of medical drugs
- In severe cases, lung transplant is necessary
TUBERCULOSIS
- Cough
- Fever
- Weight Loss
- Loss of appetite
Disorders of the Respiratory System and HIV/AIDS
Relate disorders of the respiratory system and HIV/AIDS
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
Cryptococci Meningitis
Activity 1
Suggest other ways of preventing and controlling disorders of the respiratory system.